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	HVAC An HVAC (heating, ventilating, and air conditioning) cooling tower is used to dispose of ("reject") unwanted heat from a chiller. Water-cooled chillers are normally more energy efficien... Industrial cooling towers Industrial cooling towers can be used to remove heat from various sources such as machinery or heated process material. The primary use of large, industrial cooling towers is to remove the heat absorb... Heat transfer methods With respect to the heat transfer mechanism employed, the main types are: Dry cooling towers operate by heat transfer through a surface that separates the working fluid fro... Air flow generation methods With respect to drawing air through the tower, there are three types of cooling towers: Natural draft — Utilizes buoyancy via a tall chimney. Warm, moist air naturally rises du... Crossflow Crossflow Mechanical draft crossflow cooling tower used in an HVAC application Crossflow is a design in which the air flow is directed perpendicular to the water flow (see diagram below)... Counterflow In a counterflow design, the air flow is directly opposite to the water flow (see diagram below). Air flow first enters an open area beneath the fill media, and is then drawn up vertically. The water ... Wet cooling tower material balance Quantitatively, the material balance around a wet, evaporative cooling tower system is governed by the operational variables of make-up flow rate, evaporation and windage losses, draw-o... Cycles of concentration Cycles of concentration represents the accumulation of dissolved minerals in the recirculating cooling water. Draw-off (or blowdown) is used principally to control the buildup of these minerals. The ... Water treatment Besides treating the circulating cooling water in large industrial cooling tower systems to minimize scaling and fouling, the water should be filtered and also be dosed with biocid... Comparison of Heat Rejection Methods OverviewCooling systems utilize one of three primary methods for heat rejection in the cooling process: air cooling, water cooling, or adiabatic cooling. These methods are commonly used to service any...